Thursday, November 28, 2019

Properties of Light free essay sample

A drop of isopropyl alcohol will absorb light energy of different colors, and the evaporation rate of the alcohol will be measured. The key to this lab is the evaporation rate is directly related to the energy of the light shining on the drop. Materials: * * LEDs and circuits (from previous lab) * Pipette (or eyedropper) * Rubbing alcohol Index card * 9-volt battery * Flashlight * Stopwatch * Small cardboard box (shoe box) Procedures: A three-sided enclosure from the cardboard box was made. This created a location for applying light from the LED to the drop of alcohol while minimizing the effect of air currents on the evaporation rate. The eyedropper was used to place a single drop of isopropyl alcohol on an index card within the enclosure. The same size drop was used each time the step was repeated. The time it takes for the drop to evaporate without the LED present was recorded. The dark spot on the card caused by the alcohol was no longer visible. We will write a custom essay sample on Properties of Light or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A flashlight was used to help with the observance of the dark spot. The evaporation time was recorded. The same procedure was repeated for the different colored LEDs over the alcohol drop. The current through each LED and the distance from the LED to the drop of alcohol was the same for each run. The procedure for each color of LED was repeated at least 10 times and an average time of evaporation for each color was calculated. A graph of evaporation time versus frequency of the LED was then made. The red light has a lower energy than the violet light that’s at the end of the spectrum. The frequency of the light increases as the color of the light changes from red to violet. Wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional, which causes the wavelength to decrease as the color changes from red to violet (Hewitt, pg. 520). Depending on the color of the light, the wavelength can range from 710-5 cm (red) to 410-5 cm (violet), but all electromagnetic radiation travels at the speed of light. The frequency of the light, which is the number of wavelengths per seconds is calculated using the equation C=LN. L is the wavelength, N is the frequency, and C is the speed of light (Library Thinking Quest). From the observations collected, the red LED light took the longest to dry the drop of alcohol and the blue dried it the fastest. Since the red light is on the lower end of the electromagnetic spectrum is used the lowest amount of energy. Just by looking at the brightness of the light, this conclusion was made but reassured after doing some research. The red light was very dim and faint compared to the brightness of the green and the blue. The blue was the brightest of the lights. This light used the most energy and is one of the farthest on the spectrum beside violet. Since the frequency of light increases as the color of light moves down the spectrum, the red light has the smallest frequency of 4. 2*10-14, green has middle frequency of 5. 66*10-14 and blue has the largest frequency of 6. 37*10-14. The frequency is directly proportional to the energy produced by each of the light, which is shown in the graph above. The blue light had the highest frequency and that used the most ener gy. The red LED used the least amount of energy because it had the lowest frequency. The greater the frequency caused the alcohol to dry faster since it used more heat (energy) at one time. Light energy and frequency are directly related in the real world also. Typically since red lights have less energy than blues lights, blue objects are said to be hotter. In 1923, American astronomer Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) made an astounding discovery. As Hubble observed, the light waves from distant galaxies are shifted to the red end, and he reasoned that this must mean those galaxies are moving away from the Milky Way. These observations concluded that something that showed red was moving away from its observer. The laws of thermodynamics state that where heat is involved, the movement is always away from an area of high temperature and toward an area of low temperature. Heated molecules that reflect red light are areas that are moving toward an area of low temperature. Molecules of low temperature reflect bluish or purple light because the tendency of heat is to move toward them. Fire, for example, it lets off heat to keep people warm. The color of fire is mostly red and orange. These colors are at the lower end of the spectrum of light. The reason why fire is the color red is because; red gives off the lowest amount of energy because it has the lowest frequency. Fire can be used in many different ways in the world without using mass amount of energy to heat things up. As mentioned in the lab from last week, the alligator clips caused a lot of issues with holing the connections together. A better material would be the connection covers where the wires go inside a little tube and are squeezed together at each end to insure security.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Essay on Art as Experience

Essay on Art as Experience Essay on Art as Experience Essay on Art as ExperienceThe term â€Å"art† can be defined as the conscious and effective use of individuals’ talents, such as skills and creative imagination to produce impressive aesthetic objects.   Since the development and growth of human society, individuals make attempts to enhance their live with various forms of art, e.g. architecture, painting, photography and sculpture. However, there is hardly anybody has used his/her imagination to reflect personal experience of being some form of art. Today, art reflect human experience and helps to explore spiritual subject matters. According to John Dewey, â€Å"experience occurs continuously, because the interaction of live creature and environing conditions is involved in the very process of living†(36).   The major goal of this paper is to reflect personal experience of some actions and art forms, including the experience of looking in the mirror for 15 minutes, the experience of being a painting, the exp erience of being a style of painting, the experience of a photograph and the experience of viewing oneself in advertising. Different forms of experience, e.g. the experience of being a painting, a photograph and an advertisement, reflect different feelings because of certain differences between these images. The differences between images described in personal experiences reflect various values.My experience of looking in the mirror for 15 minutes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Studying my face in the mirror for at least fifteen minutes was not an easy task. I timed myself and managed to stare for the entire fifteen minutes. I studied myself with the same honesty as Rembrandt or Van Gogh did. I study myself candidly. For the last five minutes, I stroke several different intentional poses. My experience of looking in the mirror for 15 minutes is amazing. I see different facial expressions, which reflect my mood and my personality. When I smile, my facial expression is li ght and appealing to the audience. When I am sad, my facial expression is dark and gloomy. I can easily change my facial expression if I start thinking about something positive or negative. I can find some similarities in analysis of Rembrandt’s image, Van Gogh’s image and my own image. I have found that the experience of looking in the mirror for 15 minutes is a valuable tool to increase self-esteem because an individual has an opportunity to highly value one’s own personality.My experience of being a paintingIf I were a painting, I would be in several periods of art history, e.g. Postmodernism (1970- ) if my painting reflects positive mood, or Modernism (e.g. Abstract Expressionism, 1940-1960) if my painting reflects negative mood. These art historical periods reflect my changeable personality. Postmodernism can be viewed as a break from modernism. This art period has some features of modernism, but these features provide more positive views. The following asp ects refer to Postmodernism: the individual’s position in the context, the increased role of aesthetic pluralism and meaning of art. My painting would imply culturally, politically and socially. First, my painting would reflect cultural context because culture plays an important role in art. Cultural attitudes toward a work of art explore an individual’s personality. On the other hand, cultural identity of the nation is formed by art. Besides, my painting would imply politically because I would include some political signs or symbols to make it more appealing to political viewed of the audience. Moreover, my painting would imply socially because each element in my painting must be focused on social acceptance. Abstract Expressionism is the highest form of Modernism. I believe that my painting can have some characteristics of Abstract Expressionism, if it is presented in a negative context, e.g. individuality, creativity, unconscious style of representation, the element s of visual formalism. These characteristics are focused on creating the feeling of pure abstraction.Experience of being a style of paintingIf I were a style of painting, I would be landscape. I believe that landscape is a unique style of painting because it reflects the beauty of nature. Landscapes demonstrate poetry in nature, placing emphasis on the intimate expression of various forms of nature. In some way, these forms reflect human emotions. I would be landscape of mountains and waterfall.   I believe that the landscape I would be should include many elements of nature in order to allow the viewer to enjoy the spiritual journey of bold imagination.   Being landscape means make the views feel the beauty of nature, and developing positive emotions and feelings.Experience of being a photographIf you were a photograph, it would be romantic style of photography that provides an idealized vision of photography. It would be some peaceful location, soft light colors, some storytel ling context and impressive images. The lighting would be intense. It is known that â€Å"the intensity of the illumination within the light envelope determines how the final image will look† (Rand 94). The photograph would be impressive if some subjects need more light and can reflect light. Among the most talented photographers, Brian Smith would influence my image. Smith’s advice would help to make a really meaningful and adorable portrait. My photograph would imply culturally, politically and socially. First, it would reflect American culture. Besides, it would be meaningful from a political perspective. It would reflect some symbols of American politics to encourage the audience highly value the U.S. political system and its leaders. Moreover, my photograph would imply socially because it would be socially acceptable.Experience of viewing myself in advertisingI can honestly view myself differently from how advertising presents how I should look.   I can identify what influences me emotionally. I can not only regulate my emotions, but also understand the feelings of other people. I am influenced emotionally by inequality, injustice, violence towards women and children, and violence towards animals.   In most cases, physical events have a strong influence on what I feel emotionally. For example, I hate racism and racial discrimination. I criticize those advertisements that have some hint of racism.I can articulate what influences me in an advertisement. I can be influenced by the effectiveness of humor, beauty, strength, self-confidence, tolerance and endurance.   Advertisements have powerful effects on people. However, advertisements influence people without their full recognition that they are being influenced. I can separate what makes me feel good about myself from what advertising indicates should make me feel good about myself. Although I know that advertisement often influences people in undesirable ways, the positive advertisemen t is more effective than a negative one. I feel good about myself from positive effects of advertisements.   From a psychological point of view, my feelings are reflected in what advertising indicates should make me feel good about myself.Richard Prince’s description of the Perfect Tense in Chapter 12 does not describe me, because I fall into Thomas Frank’s counterculture rebellion.   I believe that Thomas Frank’s study play an important role in revealing the existing links between advertising and the counterculture. It has been found that the possible consequence of the counterculture would be rebellious consumer behavior. According to Thomas Frank, cultural rebellion is associated with the counterculture. Counterculture attracts attention of many people today. I feel that I am a part of all of it. I believe that I feel myself somewhere in the context of cultural jamming. Culture jamming stands for the so-called politics of representation, which involves ad vertising in the context of artistic satire. I feel that I can act as culture jamming refiguring various product images in order to raise public awareness of existing problems (environmental problems, or unequal and unjust social practices). I do not fall on the â€Å"Advertising Horizon†.Moreover, I feel capable of constructing an identity outside the parameters of the advertising market. Today the advertising market provides some parameters, which help to successfully read and value some objects, or services, or oneself.   In other words, it sets some limits on human appreciation of an object or service. These limits help to construct the so-called brand identity. I can use my personal attitudes, experience and knowledge to construct an identity that would not be a standard. My identity would not be focused on the parameters of the advertising market. I would create a new form of advertising. I can support this fact by the ability to express my own ideas and desires to ac hieve the established goals in advertising.The cultural myths of individualism (the autonomous individual) or love of technology influence my self-image to a great extent. I accept individualism as the key cultural myth. I criticize collectivism because the effects of collectivism may be negative in establishing one’s own identity. I believe that personal self-realization is the basis of one’s own self-image. Besides, love of technology may influence my self-image, making it more appealing to the audience and more effective in interpretation. I completely agree that technology influences the way we think about ourselves, as well as the way others think about ourselves. I feel myself as being a victim of bipolar thinking. In some cases, I feel that bipolar thinking is caused by complex mental processes that may lead to emotional ride of extreme highs as well as deep depressive lows.ConclusionThus, comparing my painting, photograph and advertisement, it is necessary to c onclude that there are many differences between these images. These differences reflect the values we have studied all semester because the experience of viewing myself in advertising differs from the experience of being a photograph, or a style of painting, or painting. I feel that the most important information I learned in this class is how to develop the so-called visual literacy, or the ability to â€Å"read† and interpret the images that can be found in our information society. I have found that visual arts are important cultural element that the mass media use to obtain the power of representation.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Steinbeck's depiction of the struggle of Agricultural workers during Essay

Steinbeck's depiction of the struggle of Agricultural workers during the Depression, his role as a social commentator, and its impact upon his work - Essay Example The novels also serve the purpose of a social documentary and present a picture of the prevailing systemic injustices in the United States. It is fashionable with the new breed of novelists to separate politics from art. But in the case of John Steinbeck, this distinction is not evident. The author, in the process of creating a work of art had also taken upon himself to ask questions of social injustices in general and economic disparities in particular. Hence, Steinbeck’s body of work are in essence are full of his own perspective on the state of rural American society; the medium of the novel have given Steinbeck the requisite scope and opportunity to fulfill his role as a social commentator. The rest of the essay will cite instances from the two novels as well as foray into the biographical aspects of the author himself to support this assertion. To understand this social activist trait in Steinbeck’s character one has to look at the experiences and circumstances that shaped his vision of America. Firstly, his years as an adolescent in Salinas, where he got a first hand experience of his parents’ struggle for survival is a formative influence. It is the next phase of his life however, that will prove more important – his long-time relationship with the radical social worker Carol Henning. The influence of Carol Henning cannot be underestimated, for her socialist views on life had clearly rubbed off on Steinbeck, which is evident from the earliest journalistic assignments that Steinbeck undertook. His years as a novice journalist also had a key role in the shaping of his character, for these early writing assignments were the foundations for his later literary pursuits. In both the works in discussion – The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men, the influences of these formative stages of his early l ife are quite obvious. While Steinbeck never really espoused a

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Religious Liberty in Public Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Religious Liberty in Public Schools - Essay Example It goes a long way in eliminating discrimination on the basis of religion in public places. This is what informed the decision in Van Orden v Perry (2005), where the Supreme Court held that the Ten Commandment on the government monument at the Texas State Capitol violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.  The issue of religious expression in public places, especially in schools, is an area that has attracted a series of serious debates. Many of these matters always find their way in court. In the case of Abington School District v. Schempp (1963), the state of Pennsylvania required that ten verses should be read from the Holy Bible each morning in public schools each school day. The majority of Supreme Court judges found this to contravene the First Amendment.  Just as in the above-mentioned case, it would be wrong to display the student’s depiction of Jesus Christ in class as this would be going against the First Amendment as that would amount to leaning t owards Christianity as opposed to the required neutrality in the public schools towards religion (Ackerman, 2001).  Putting all these factors into consideration, it would therefore go against some student’s rights, as this is a captive audience, and can be easily swayed into believing something that is against their religious creed. It is therefore important not to display that kind of work in class to protect the constitutional rights of the other students and avoid violating the First Amendment, which could have in itself dire consequences.

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Personal Action Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Action Plan - Assignment Example In developing a personal action plan, you will look at your personal strengths and weaknesses and your ability to think strategically, and you will identify the goals you want to achieve. Answer the following questions to help you prepare for your action plan. My greatest strengths include ability to work in a team and making things run smoothly. My ability to work in a team, as supported by Mosser and Begun (2013) has helped me appreciate what other players in the group are bringing to the table. For this reason, any activities we do as a team is more effective as each and every player has a role to play. My obsession with ensuring things run smoothly has enabled me to complete assignments on time and also deliver error free work. Achieving positive results in assignments depends on individual ability to comprehend and follow instructions. In some instances, my assignments have not met the standards and requirements set forth by the facilitator hence submitting substandard work. Therefore, I need to try to understand assignments a lot better and making certain that I do the right assignments. To achieve this, it would be imperative for me to reread the instructions in an effort to ascertain that I am doing the right assignment, and also revise my work after completion (Kongstvedt, 2007). I have definitely gained accomplished the ability to strategize and think critically in the course of this program. In terms of critical thinking, the obstacles I have faced have forced me to analyze difficult situations dispassionately and subsequently congregate data and other relevant information from all available sources in order to make an informed decision in terms of addressing the problem. In terms of strategizing, I learnt to set my personal objectives in line with the available opportunities. For instance, my objective to become a doctor was based on the available opportunities i.e. the need to improve the health status of the

Friday, November 15, 2019

Cost Benefit Analysis Economics Essay

Cost Benefit Analysis Economics Essay Introduction Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) is a technique which seeks to bring greater objectivity into the decision making. It is a well known evaluation technique that is extensively engaged by both public and private organisations to support the decision making process. It can be useful to almost any kind of decision in any kind of field. It is helpful to identify all the relevant benefits and costs of a particular scheme and to quantify them in monetary terms. The practice arrived in the United Kingdom in 1960s for use in the transportation sector. CBA techniques were extended to cover a wide range of applications, such as water resource management, motorways, nationalized industries, airport locations, forestry, recreational facilities and a wide range of urban investment projects (Paul, 2000). Private sector, direct monetary costs and benefits determines the profitability and increases the output and investment. All costs and benefits in public sector, affected by an investment must be evaluated in some other way. Welfare economics helps to resolve such issues as how to assess costs and benefits of a non-monetary environment how to assess the community benefits when no charge made for public facility and how to fiddle with the market failure. Cost Benefit Analysis CBA rests on the recognition of a potential Pareto development. The basis for this is the proposition that, a decision is justified if those who benefit from it could compensate by those who lose by it. Compensation needs not really occur. What is essential is that the expenses of a policy to those who suffer the costs are exceeded by the value that beneficiaries place on it. This may still remain on an adequate basis for judgment because CBA attempts to ascertain whether the resources are being used efficiently. It will often be the case that the occurrence of costs and benefits, i.e. who bears them, will moreover be very important. CBA may provide a framework designed to identify accurately where the costs and benefits fall, so that a political judgement may be completed as to their satisfactoriness. CBA is a widely used technique which evaluates public spending and aims to avoid inappropriate distribution of public resources. In theory, it helps public decision-makers to invest only in the projects that create more profitability from the viewpoint of the community. To function perfectly, the CBA procedure needs to be engaged prior to the decision is made, so that the potential of the range of project proposals can be compared and evaluated. It aims to evaluate the set of direct and indirect effects of a project, its financial and non- financial effects on the set of economic agents concerned with the investment. These effects are then synthesized, after monetary evaluation, to assure a socio-economic balance which establishes the return on the investment, with this return being estimated on the basis of specific indicators (Auzannet, 1997). According to Boardman et al. (2006) the major steps in CBA are as follows; Specify the set of alternative projects Decide whose benefits and cost count Catalogue the impacts and select measurement indicators Predict the impacts quantitatively over the life of the project Monetize (attach dollar values to) all impacts Discount benefits and costs to obtain present values Perform sensitivity analysis Make a recommendation History and Uses of CBA At present, CBA is being used in both government and international organization. While certain concepts of the technique oriented from Europe in 1840s, the use of CBA in environmental economics is relatively a new incidence which is becoming recognized after regulations were set by the US government. And this made the use of CBA compulsory in the 1930s (E.J. Mishan and Euston, 2007). It was used to generate a solution toward the problems of water provision. After World War II, there was pressure towards the efficiency in government and the search was on for ways to make sure that the public funds were efficiently utilised in major public investments. This resulted in the beginnings of the fusion of the new welfare economics, which was essentially a Cost-Benefit Analysis and practical decision-making. This particular process arrived in the United Kingdom in 1960s in support of the transportation sector. It was applied to the construction of M1 motorway and the Victoria line on the und erground (Economic Labour Market Review, December 2008). In recent years, it is recognised as the major appraisal technique for public investments and public policy. Principles of CBA There are eight basic principles under this CBA ((S.L. Kirama, 2010). These are; There must be a common unit of measurement CBA valuations should represent consumers or producers valuations as revealed by their actual behaviour. Benefits are usually measured by market choices Some measurements of benefits require the valuation of human life The analysis of project should involve a with or without comparison CBA involves particular study area Double counting of benefits or costs must be avoided Decision criteria projects Emergence of CBA CBA allows different projects to be ranked according to highest expected net gains in social wellbeing. This gives important limitations of government spending. The main stages in CBA approaches are (Geoff Riley, 2006), Calculation of social costs and benefits. This includes direct costs, indirect costs and the benefits Sensitivity analysis of event occurring Discounting the future value of benefits Comparing the costs and benefits Comparing the net rate of benefits The Application of CBA In the private sector, financial CBA is used to justify equipment and technology investment, measure life cycle costs, meet regulations cost-effectively and quantify hidden costs and intangible benefits. It is also useful to demonstrate how outsourcing and leasing can result in cost savings and how quality improvements can affect returns. Social CBA is being used to evaluate the social merit of projects or policies. In practice CBA vary between countries and sectors within countries. The main differences include the types of impacts that are being included as costs and benefits within the assessment procedure. This is an extent to which the impacts are expressed in monetary terms and difference in discount rate between countries. The public CBA may also vary from private CBA (S.L. Kirama, 2010). CBA is likely to have its main usage within the public sector where (J. Harve and E. Jowsey, 2004); Price signals are insufficient to guide investment decisions Spill-over benefits and costs are important owing to the magnitude of the schemes The wellbeing of unborn generations has to be allowed Key Concepts in CBA There are some key concepts in CBA. There are; present value, discount rates, opportunity costs, cost and benefits, discounting, net present value, shadow prices, etc. (J. Harve and E. Jowsey, 2004). Government Decision- making Government may take the form of regulation such as building regulation to reduce fire hazards, taxes or subsides or providing goods and services. The main difficulty in many public-sectors is that the goods are provided free of charge or below the market price. So they are forced to focus on short-term special effects of the financial system and the long-standing sustainability of the public finances. Government decisions depend on subjective political considerations. For example, obtaining a social mix council housing may be providing an expensive residential area. However, public investments have serious defects. The one-man, one-vote principle does not weight votes according to the intensity of welfare gain or lost. Therefore, majority of the decision allow two voters marginally in favour of a scheme to outvote one who strongly opposes it in spite of the fact that the sum of their benefits is less than the costs impose on the single opponent. Political decisions are important one-sided. Economic efficiency in resource allocation requires that objective criteria should be used as far as it is feasible. The extension of government involvement in the economy has increased the weight and complexity of decisions which needs to be made at government level. Many argument says that decentralisation of decision-making is desirable. Application to Construction Industry Government is basically responsible for roads, bridges, airports, parks, amenity land, new urban areas and housing. CBA is normally being favoured by many transportation economists. It assesses the entire benefits and costs associated with highway project, including both capital and user costs. In this case, project requires less cost but provides more benefits right through the analysis period which are chosen first. CBA estimates the costs in monetary terms. Traditionally, a benefit-cost ratio, net present value or internal rate of return is being used. Recent research suggests that the net present value (NPV) may provide the best project selection measure if the transportation program is under financial constraints (Reed and Rutherford, 1997). The Use of Cost-Benefit Analysis in Transportation Sector Transportation policy and scheduling decisions often engage tradeoffs between conflicting objectives. Most highway cost allocation and investment evaluation studies are primarily concerned with direct market costs, such as road construction and maintenance, travel time, vehicle operating costs and crash damages. These vary depending on vehicle type and roadway conditions. They assume that the total amount of vehicle travel does not change, so were unconcerned with vehicle ownership and parking costs. Other types of studies incorporate environmental impacts, primarily air pollution, but sometimes it also includes noise and water pollution, and various other categories of land usage impact. Some studies have only considered external costs avoiding the internal ones. CBA is extensively used within the transportation segment. CBA of transportation investment projects tend to neglect long-term environmental consequences and needs among the community group with a low ability to pay. It has been emerged as one of the most used tools in deciding the viability of proposed infrastructure projects. The predictions regarding the impact of such projects are often problematic uncertain. The transport modelling tools are used in order to estimate positive as well as the negative impacts. Case Study Heathrow Terminal 5 In this case, the British Airport Authority (BAA) planning to build terminal 5 the cost is approximately around  £4 billion. Planning application was submitted in February 1993 (Heathrow T5, October 2005). They were considering the following benefits, such as Economic growth: Demand for air travel in south-east England is forecasted to be doubled in the next 20 years, making the expansion seems to be essential within the Air travel industry. This in turn might create thousands of jobs and businesses depending on the Heathrow airport expansion in order to provide sufficient supply capacity to meet the growing demand. An increase in the capacity of Heathrow will make maximum usage of airports existing infrastructure and land. The economy and trade: if it does not meet demand, UK will lose its airlines and foreign investments within the other European regions. The benefits of a world-beating industry would be reduced. Therefore, many sectors of our aviation industry will have a comparative advantage and might add huge sums to our balance of payments. Jobs: This project will create job opportunities which are estimated to be around 16,500. And it may also create 6,000 construction jobs during the building phase. This will have multiplier effects on the local / regional and national economy. Transport: The terminal will be the centre of a world-class transport exchange, with new Tube and rail links. Car traffic would rise only slightly. The social costs of increased traffic congestion have been exaggerated by the environmentalists. Environment: The site which has been allocated for terminal 5 is currently a disused sludge works. And any displace wildlife and plant life will be carefully relocated. The noise climate around Heathrow Airport has been improving for many years, even despite the fact that the number of aircraft movements has increased considerably partly due to the phasing out of older, nosier aircraft. Noise and night flight: BAA promises no increase in overall noise levels or in night flights. The number of flights will be increased by 8%. (Source: http://tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/a2-micro-cost-benefit-analysis.html) Objections are being raised against this project but those were not enough to refuse the planning permission. Conclusion CBA provides a rational technique for the evaluation of projects where market information is either non-existent or deficient. But it should not make false claims for objectivity by dealing in precise sums. However it is helpful for decision-making purposes, it is not an alternative for it. Further, CBA is potentially a useful aid towards planning decisions and it does not avoid the need to make value judgements in the evaluation of intangible arising from different projects. The overall conclusions are to be drawn from the assessment of costs and benefits. However, such value judgements are made clear in the evaluation decision making process.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Red Badge Of Courage :: essays research papers

Article Review on "Red Badge of Courage" The book Red Badge of Courage, is about a physical and emotional pain that a solider of the Civil War might of went through. The soldiers pain comes from all of the horrible things associated with war. The main character, Henery Fleming, joins the Union army dreaming of the heroic things he will accomplish. During the war he discovers that war is not so great and becomes real unsure of himself. Henry then meets up with his friend Jim Then halfway through the book he confronts his cowardice and gains a realistic and sense of duty and responsibility. When the novel ends he has conquered his fear. Then Henry meets Wilson, the loud solider, who I think represents the two sides of human nature. Wilson is a mean and tough guy that no one likes and then towards the end of the book he finds that he really cares about Henry. While Henry is dealing with all of his emotions they are moving into war. The book Red Badge of Courage is insightful because it gives great detail about the hardship of war, the physical and emotional side of it. It shows how a young solider of the Civil War would have felt and also it shows all his fears. It is not just about war and the fighting, the book gives details about the camp and the other soldiers that Henry Flemmings interacts with. Stephen Crane has a unique writing style because it is very symbolic and it paints a lot of pictures for you. Crane is very imaginative and takes a look from one viewpoint into an isolated person and his relationship with society. I believe the book was well writing at times because some parts could have used more detail. It would have been easier to understand. Some parts of the book I felt like I was really there but others it just felt so distance. This work is important because of its historical value that it has with the Civil War. It tells not just about the war itself and what is going on but the emotion al side of a young solider. It tells how soldiers break down in war and that all of them are heroes at sometime in the war. I learned from the book that you must face your fears and that if you run from them once then the next time you must face them.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Lg Global Strategy Essay

This assignment focusses on LG’s Global Strategy looking into their operations in Brazil and India as well as researching minor parts of their efforts in Australia, China and the USA. LG (Lucky GoldStar) operates in the Consumer Electronics Industry on an international scale. The sources of information used for empirical evidence range from Academic journals and Interviews with LG Directors to information gathered from the LG press website and other academic online resources. To evaluate LG’s strategy one must access its worth, its usefulness and whether LG’s decisions and investments turned into tangible revenue. To understand LG’s Global Strategy success one must understand LG’s background. LG started in 1947 as a cosmetics cream manufacturer. LG expanded in to many industries in later years, eventually LG operated in the consumer electronics market. LG has turned into a very successful multinational company now, in the past two decades LG Electronics’ market share had grown at 22% from  £130 million in the 1980s to  £65 million the 1990s and  £7.1 billion by early 2005. LG owed much of its success to the South Korean Government’s incentive rich market it provided for the consumer electronics market. President Park Chung Hee of South Korea enacted the Economic Development Plan, which aimed to help the electronics industry by making it the national priority sector that would be developed. As a result, many western companies came to set up joint ventures, LG partnered with Philips, a European electronics company. LG-Philips became the largest manufacturer of flat screen TVs in world. By 2006, the group’s sales revenues massed up to $23 billion, making profits of $500 million. Of all of LG’s various revenue streams, LG Electronics provided 47% of the total revenue. LG knew they had to operate in the consumer electronics market internationally. LG was encouraged to invest in localized research and development by the Government making extensive amounts of research infrastructure. This particular point is one of the most important methods by which LG implemented a successful Global Strategy. During the mid-1980s over 120 private research institutes and 18 research consortia were created. (W. R. Shin and A. Ho, 1997.) Having high quality research and development infrastructure allowed LG to create a series of products that were tailored to the needs of South Korea. LG learnt from this episode that research and development created a competitive advantage for its products, and this was something they had to do in every countries across the globe instead of selling a set of standardized products. During the 1990s LG started a International Strategy that aimed to capitalize on the emerging BRIC economies (Brazil, Russia, India and China). LG started in Brazil by building a manufacturing plant in Manaus creating televisions and VCR’s to be sold around Brazil. The Government of Brazil offered low-tax rate incentives for businesses to build manufacturing plants in underdeveloped areas as well as subsidizing land for investors setting up operations. LG took full advantage of these incentives to establish themselves in Brazil. Brazil In the 1990’s had very high import tariffs, low brand recognition and had high competition in the grey goods market. In 1990, exchange rates plummeted making planning for businesses very difficult. Global players in Brazil decided to withdraw their operations or terminate them entirely. This provided a turning point for LG, they decided to expand their presence and create a strategy that would make Brazil a manufacturing hub for exports in South America and the USA. The fall in Brazils’s currency allowed LG to take on some low-cost advantages that make exporting very advantageous(Ramaswamy, K. 2007). LG was the largest exporter of electronic goods in South America. LG now tackled the areas of marketing and financial management to clamp down it presence in Brazil. LG wasn’t well recognized in Brazil so it needed to build some strong customer awareness. LG took advantage of the immense national popularity of football and started a branding campaign with sports events sponsorship. The LG sponsored a high ranking national football team in Sao Paolo(Ramaswamy, K. 2007), this brought immediate brand recognition to it’s products. LG now needed to transfer its brand recognition into tangible revenue though customizing it’s products to suit the needs of Brazilians. LG’s consumer electronics were a refreshing taste to Brazil’s market, LG gave most of its products a 3 year warranty pairing that with their promise of instant service if a customer’s product failed or broke-down. It used repair service vans able to reach a customer’s location in short time period. This helped ensure customers would receive a high level of quality and reliability from LG, this proved to be a worth-while competitive advantage over other competitors. LG’s efforts in Brazil certainly reflected a good example of a well implemented global strategy. They took advantages of the Governments tax incentives, furthermore LG filled the void in the consumer electronics market that was created by previous companies leaving when times got tough and created a strong marketing campaign. The best measure of their strategy’s success in Brazil is that in 2006 LG posted sales of  £1.2 billion, a 36% increase compared to the previous year. LG’s well implemented strategy in Brazil clearly led to market domination and a high profit. This was a strong international strategy, and LG adopted similar tactics in India. LG started operating in India when the Indian Government created advantageous market reforms allowing foreign companies to establish their own wholly owned subsidiaries in India. LG quickly took advantage of these reforms and created LGEIL (LGE India Ltd.) in 1997. LGEIL’s first factory was built in Greater Noida(40km from New Delhi), which manufactured washing machines, televisions, air conditioners and refrigerators. Mr Kwang-Ro Kim, Managing Director at the time said, â€Å"We knew it was important, for example, not to downgrade the Indian market and instead to treat it seriously as we would any developed market†, he goes on to explain â€Å"this meant preparing a preparing a full strategy and emphasizing good-quality products, the best technology, the best network and access to the best people†(Kim, K. R. 2005.). LG created these specialized products with vast research and development infrastructure, just like they had in South Korea. Local research and development teams were made to create product variations that were designed for the unique demands of India’s market. For example, they launched a cricket television set that had a built-in cricket game to take advantage of the millions of people who adored cricket in India. LGEIL’s Golden Eye technology used in TV’s allowed the brightness of the screen to be adjusted to the surrounding level of light., this proved to be an important feature because India is very prone to power supply imbalances that effect lighting intensity. Furthermore, they designed an air filtration system to keep it’s air conditioners working efficiently. This design was implemented because India’s metropolitan areas have high levels of particulate pollution. Its home appliance products were fitted with circuits able to handle the regular voltage fluctuations Indian households had. LG presented â€Å"an ‘Indianised’ face to its products but keeping the technology at global standards†(Mathur, U. C. 2010). These variations in products brought a refreshing taste to the Indian home appliance market. One problem LGEIL faced was the geographical diversity and India’s lack of infrastructure making distribution of it products difficult. To reach small towns and villages in India a solid distribution system needed to be adopted, their tiered approach allowed an anchoring regional distributor to supply cities and then complimented this system with offices in remote areas for the small towns. This system encompassed 4,000 access points to reach the masses to India’s giant population. A website called lgezbuy.com helped their distribution with online ordering as well as providing detailed information about their products and comparative pricing for different areas of the country. This was the first attempt by a major electronic goods manufacture and proved successful by creating another competitive advantage for LG. Customer Service was an important part of LGEIL’s strategy, just as they did in Brazil, they provided repair vehicles for reaching remote areas in short periods of time. Vans were fitted with electrical generators to ensure appliances could be fixed even in a country with regular blackouts. This was unseen to the Indian Market from any other competitor and became very favorable for customers. â€Å"This ‘walking-after sales service’ allowed traveling crews to cover ares that were previously unaccessible(Lee, D. W. 2005). This gave LG a competitive advantage over its Indian market competitors such as Onida or Whirlpool. In terms of marketing strategy, LGEIL decided to sponsor an Indian Cricket team. This proved such a success that LG decided to sponsor the Cricket World Cup in 2002(LG. 2009). LG became the largest sponsor of cricket in the world and this gained instant brand recognition for them across India, a country full of millions of cricket fanatics. A strong marketing campaign reaching customers all over India; LG’s localized product range and services provided with the products paid off rich dividends. LG’s â€Å"turnover for 2002 crossed Rs. 3000 Crore, that is a 37% increase on the previous year†(Mathur, U. C. 2010), that’s  £38million. LGEIL clearly beat their competitors, for example in the color television market LG had a market share of 26.4% and their nearest competitor, Onida, only had 10.8%. In the refrigerator market LG had a market share of 30.9%, Whirlpool, their nearest competitor only had 23.6%(Sinha, P. R. 2005)[1]. This was the same story with all their other home appliances. Clearly LG was making considerable profit and stood out from their competitors by providing quality products and services. But LG knew they had to do more to establish a strong foothold in India. LG had to demonstrate to India that they were not purely profit driven; they believed this would give LG a credible name in India and gain the loyalty from the Indian market. LG subsidized primary schools and gave educational books to children. They even built a village school close to manufacturing facilities. Local employees were staffed for most of the top managerial positions of LGEIL. This managerial tactic allowed a South Korean company to appear as an Indian business. These resulted in huge good-will from Indian customers which was the final tie in a successfully implemented Strategy. In 2006 Mr Nam Woo, President of LG Electronics (LG), unveiled LG’s ambitious plans to grow its presence in China. LG had leant many lessons from its early missions in emerging markets such as Brazil and India that would help LG stay a dominate global player. â€Å"We want to make China a strategic base for our business, so we must be a leader not only in sales, but also in research and development and in localization.†(Liu Baijia, 2006). LG took advantage of China’s cheap labour costs and soon where able to â€Å"leverage an entire manufacturing network to serve countries such as Russia and the USA† (Ramaswamy, K. 2007). This is evidence of LG looking elsewhere to export their products, this was an integral part to LG’s Global Strategy. Not every part of LG’s strategy was perfect though, many of their products were recalled, for example, in Australia 2009 some of LG’s refrigerators broke down due to faulty wiring â€Å"which resulted in reduced insulation from electricity passing through. It could cause minor electric shocks†(Global Data, 2009). Furthermore LG had to â€Å"recall it’s Spyder Cell Phones in the USA†¦over 30,000 cell phones of this type were in use† (Global Data, 2009). This adversely affected their brand name and shows lack for careful attention to product design which reflects a bad global strategy, this showed similar results to their efforts in the USA. LG started to look towards providing its products in the West, most notably the USA, an already challenging market. LG started supplying US stores with its home appliances such as microwave ovens and toasters. The conquest for shelf space was extremely difficult because of LG’s poor brand recognition as well as questions about LG’s product reliability and quality. The USA was not the place for LG to display its products. The products that the USA consumer electronic market wanted were the more fashionable European and Japanese home appliance products. LG failed to create a series of products the USA market wanted in comparison to its competitors. This clearly shows a weak strategy in LG selling its products global. Overall, the international strategy LG implemented shows a pattern, in emerging economies such as Brazil and India, LG thrived, however in developed economies such as Australia and the USA, LG was unsuccessful. LG’s successes derived from 3 key areas that created a useful and worth-while international strategy. Firstly, they invested heavily in research and development to create products that suited the needs of the local market. LG now has over â€Å"36 research and development activities worldwide† (Global Data, 2009). Secondly, they pursued a marketing strategy that targeted each country’s whole population. In both Brazil, and India we see LG sponsoring sports events and teams which was a great way to create instant brand recognition across each country. Thirdly, LG treated emerging markets seriously by providing quality products complimented with high caliber services, this was a worth-while decision because countries like Brazil and India hadn’t been subject to this kind of service. The content researched is very interesting and insightful and poses the question, ‘Can these three factors be applied as a international strategy for any multinational company?’. To fully evaluate LG’s international one must further research there operations in Russia and China. Whilst LG showed signs of weaknesses, their international strategy gave their products and services a competitive advantage over their competitors making them market leaders in specific countries. LG’s efforts created LG a net income of over $13.1 billion in 2011 due to their global presence and is ranked 47th in the Fortune 500 companies, these achievements derived from what was a successful International strategy. Bibliography W. R. Shin and A. Ho, 1997. Industrial transformation: Interactive decision-making process in creating a global industry. Public Administration Quarterly. Summer. Kannan Ramaswamy, 2007. LG Electronics: Global Strategy in Emerging Markets. Understanding Global Strategy. Kwang-Ro Kim, 2005. Premium Marketing to the Masses: An interview with LG Electronics Managing Director. The McKinsey Quarterly Special Edition: Fulfilling India’s Promise C. Mathur, 2010. Global Business Strategies. LG Group. Pg 290 Duk-Woo Lee, 2005. LG the No.1 company in India. LG News. february, Vol. 24 LG, 2009. Asia and Pacific Sponsorship, the Cricket World Cup. LG Press Website. (URL http://www.lg.com/global/about-lg/corporate-information/global-sports-sponsorship/cricket-world-cup.jsp) P. R. Sinha. 2005 Premium marketing to the masses: An interview with LG Electronics India’s Managing Director. McKinsey Quarterly. Liu Baijia, 2006. LG wants local managers to aid growth. China Daily. April 20, 2006 Global Data, 2009. SWOT Analysis of LG.

Friday, November 8, 2019

While I was Gone essays

While I was Gone essays While I Was Gone was written by Sue Miller in 1999. The book was published by Alfred A. Knope, Inc in New York. This novel belonged in the genre of Fiction. The novel was relayed in memory when Jo was remembering her days with Eli and everyone in the house. This was about middle age and how people can get stir crazy. If someones life is familiar and comfortable for too long, he/she starts to yearn for something more. When that opportunity comes along he/she will be so startled that he/she jumps at the chance. Jo Becker thought she had gotten rid of this desire to do different and exciting things. When a man from Jos past arrived in her present life she was startled at first. Then she began to feel restless with her life because of a possibility of a new chapter in her life beginning. Jo went for this chance and almost ruined her life, as she had known it for so long. During this struggle she learned many lessons on life. While I Was Gone was written in the first person. Sue Miller chose to write the novel from this perspective to get the reader more into Jos character. Sue could not have titled the book While I Was Gone if she had written in third person. If a reader reads a novel that is in first person they feel connected with that character. When something bad happened to Jo, the reader felt her pain. Some readers may have had emotions towards Jo that werent what Jo was feeling. First person is also easier for writers to get into. Sue Miller only had to tell the story from Jos perspective and did not have to worry about anything beyond her vision. This was what made the readers connect with Jo so much. Throughout Jos life she ran. She ran away as a child, she ran away as a young adult, and at this point in her life she just wanted to run again. It seemed like the affair was just her unknowing way. Jo and Eli were similar. They both had something that they were holding in. They were goin...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

MIDDLE EAST Essays - Western Asia, Arabian Peninsula, Free Essays

MIDDLE EAST Essays - Western Asia, Arabian Peninsula, Free Essays MIDDLE EAST MIDDLE EAST Regional Makeup- There are three main regions that make up the Middle East. The Fertile Cresent it includes the countries of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Isreal, and Jordan. It is a 1000 mile long area of, fertile land and is shaped like a cresent moon. Another region is the Highlands it includes the countries of Turkey, Iran, and Afghanistan.A sereies of mountain ranges stretch through these countries. They are the Taurus Mountains,Elburz Mountains, and the Zagros Mountains.A third region is the Arabian Peninsula it is bordered by the Red Sea, Persian Gulf and,Arabian Sea. Its land area is about 1 milloin squaremiles Saudi Arabia the largest country in the Middle East takes up much of the area. Much of the rest is covered by the Rub' al-Khali or the empty quarter. Physical Features- There are many physical features made up of water such as seas the Red, Mediterranean, Dead, Caspian, Arabain, and Black. Rivers the Euphrates and Tigris are the main rivers. Straits the Bosporus and the Dardanelles. Gulfs Aden, Persian, and Oman. There is also two plateaus the Iranian and the Anatolian and three main mountain chains Zagros, Elburz, and the Taurus. Deserts the Rub' al-Khali (empty quater). Lifestyles- If you lived in the Middle East you would probally not have much money and no material things. You have to work all day to survive the types of work you would probally be doing is herding sheep,weaving baskets,selling fruit at the markets,and trading goods. Languages- Pastro,Dari,Farsi,Turkish,Kurdish,Arabic,Persian,Hebrew,English,French, and Armenian. Major agricultural,manufactured, and exported products- Exports-Crude Oil,Petroleum, Services, Machinery,Diamonds, and Natural Gas. Imports-Motor Vehicles, Machinery,Food,and Crude Oil. Agriculture-sheep and fruits. The thing that interested me most about the Middle East is that if you are a muslim you must visit Mecca at least once in your life if you can afford it. That interests me because if you are catholic you do not have to visit Vatican City home of the Pope. Another thing that interested me about the muslim religion is that you must pray in the direction of Mecca wich is the most holy city in the muslim religion. Extra tidbits of information- In our textbooks it states that three major religions were started in the Middle East they were Judism,Christianity,and Islamic but I found out that a fourht major religion was also started there it is Zoroastrianism. The meaning for the word muslim is "Those who surrender to gods will" In sixth century B.C. the Persians overran the whole Middle East and set up a ruling system that became the model for all later empires.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

PUBLIC ADMIN police foundations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

PUBLIC ADMIN police foundations - Essay Example The very fact that Canada is one of the most competitive societies compared to that of the dominating countries, along time the US has proved its ability to spread its dominion in almost any form of government. No matter how hard Canada shall deny the fact that they will outlive the power of America, they will not be able to do so, without learning the American verity. Further, the US is globally recognized to be the biggest fish in the ocean of commerce that those who intend to fish for a greater catch will need to go along with the flow of the ocean. Hence, it is evident that Canada is thriving hard to sustain its social ego to combat in the realm of trade and commerce against America. Statistical repots have shown that there exist an immense issue with regard to the status of the US-Europe, being the next big star in the limelight-and that Canada is looking for means to beat the mark which has long boggled their economical egos. However, Canadians become unaware that the more they try to fit in the world of lights and glory, they are already becoming Americans in that certain field. The maple is blooming with fine fruits but its roots are being blown by the hurricanes of Americanization-little do we know, the trunk could no longer hold its origin and the bigger tree will overrate Canada's empire. Which level of law enforcement is most effective Unexpected circumstances come in the most unanticipated manner in any form of state. Due to the immense rise of globalization, competition and the never-ending debate on worldwide dominion, terrorism has prudently become the top rated problems in any country. However, in the age of the 21st Century, several critics and environmentalists struck the humankind with the shocking discovery on the condition of the earth's ozone layer. Global warming, the most controversial environmental dilemma has now been marked as a truth in the society's lists of dreadfulchaos. With this, the Canadians-like all the other members of the United Nations are building a campaign in saving the environment for the sake of the future's generation. As a matter of fact, the pressure has been given to every resident in the country wherein the levelof enforcing the laws, which adheres to the campaign, has brought several individuals to a sudden dismay. Not only that, long term plans for development in infrastructures and other sort of governmental plans also shifted in an enormous diversion of financial allocations. It may then be argued that the enforcement on environmental awareness has moved even the large companies in the area of jurisdiction and the famous political icons (Parson). In a logical point of the argument, it shows that the law has been treated in flying colors-a very rare scenario in the context of liberalism. Moreover, the fact that the policies in environmental control have already started a milestone with explicit results in success, collaboration is considerably at its peak. Health along with resources is undeniably the most well

Friday, November 1, 2019

Successful marketing stories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Successful marketing stories - Essay Example Companies like Apple have attained brand equity through constant innovation and excellent customer service. Apple products like iPod are built on advanced communication technology and additional features like e-mail and messaging capabilities, which have increased the level of customer satisfaction. Apple has been able to segment the market by offering products that meet the different customer needs. Apple has been able to implement technology and innovation in all the marketing mix elements such as the price, promotion, place and product. Successful marketing stories Introduction Marketing is practiced nearly in every business in the world regardless of the size of the business or the nature or industry in which the business operates (Hartline & Ferrell, 2010). The basis of all marketing activities is to create and deliver value to the customer (Hartline & Ferrell, 2010). Customer value can be defined as; the difference between the value the customer gains from owning and using the product and the costs of obtaining the product. The first thing all marketers should remember is that successful marketing starts with identifying the right market for the products and services, and designing the appropriate marketing communication messages which are tailored to the particular market and target customers (Hartline & Ferrell, 2010). The marketer should also choose the right communication media, which can either be audio or print, hence, the channel selected should effectively deliver the message to the target customers (Shimp, 2008). The marketer should also strive to do a follow-up of the effectiveness of the marketing strategies by evaluating either the growth in business revenues or market share. This paper will discuss the marketing principles and strategies which successful organizations have used to gain a leadership position in market share in the industry. Marketing is to most sensitive function of the organization since it deals closely with the customers, h ence, creating customer value and establishing good working relationships with the customers is the heart of modern marketing efforts. The paper will discuss the principles of marketing, and how the business can utilize them to gain a competitive edge over the competitors. Thesis statement The success of the business is dependent on the marketing strategies used by the business. Elements of marketing strategy The marketing strategy of a business is composed of various elements which interrelate. The key element is the market selection and the product planning which is choosing the product line and the product offerings for the target market. A firm can either choose a single market strategy or multi market strategy. In a single marketing strategy, the firm will concentrate its efforts in serving a single unique market segment while avoiding competition with the dominant players (Hartline & Ferrell, 2010). In a multi marketing strategy, the firm will serve several distinct markets, h ence, the firm should carefully select the target markets which are viable. In a total market strategy, the firm will offer differentiated products to different market segments; hence, it should utilize the marketing variables like the price, promotion, product and distribution strategies in competing effectively in the entire market (Hartline & Ferre